THEODOLITE TRAVERSING
INTRODUCTION; The theodolite is an intricate instrument used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal and vertical angles up to 10...
TIME AND MATERIAL CONTRACTS
Time and material contracts are usually preferred if the project scope is not clear, or has not been defined. The owner and the...
Object of preparing contour map
The general map of a country includes the locations of roads, railways, rivers, villages, towns, and so on. But the nature of the ground...
Profile Leveling (Longitudinal leveling)
To know the nature of the ground surface the profile leveling is done along the center of the road at some regular intervals (say 20m, 30...
Sources of error in leveling
The following are different sources of error in leveling. Instrumental errors; the permanent adjustment of the instrument may not be...
Sources of error in leveling
The following are different sources of error in leveling. Instrumental errors; The permanent adjustment of the instrument may not be...
Sources of error in leveling
The following are different sources of error in leveling. Instrumental errors; The permanent adjustment of the instrument may not be...
Curve design
The alignment changes its direction in different places. The deflection angles are found out and necessary data for setting out...
The rise-and-fall system; The collimation system;
The reduced level of the line of collimation is said to be the height of the instrument. In this system, the height of the line of...
4. Longitudinal or profile leveling
The operation of taking levels along the center line of any alignment (roads, railway, etc.) at regular intervals is known as...
