4. Longitudinal or profile leveling

The operation of taking levels along the center line of any alignment (roads, railway, etc.) at regular intervals is known as longitudinal leveling. In this operation, the back sight, intermediate sight and foresight reading are taken at regular intervals, at every set up of the instrument, the chain age of the points are noted in the level book. This operation is undertaken in order to determine the undulations of the ground surface along the profile line.5. Cross sectional leveling; The operation of taking levels transverse to the direction of longitudinal leveling, is known as cross-sectional leveling. Technical Data used in the field explained in civil surveyor course in rawalpindi.The cross-sections are taken at regular intervals (such as 20 m, 40 m, 50 m, etc.) along the alignment. Cross-sectional leveling is done in order to known the nature of the ground across the center line of any alignment.

6. Check leveling

The fly leveling done at the end of day’s work to connect the finishing point with the starting point on that particular day is known as check leveling. It is undertaken in order to check the accuracy of the day’s work.3.6 RECIPROCAL LEVELLING; We have already found by the principle of equalizing back sight and foresight distance that if the level is placed exactly midway between two points and staff leadings are taken to determine the difference of level, then the errors (due to inclined collimation line, curvature and refraction) are automatically eliminated. Some more details of civil surveyor course in rawalpindi are as under.

But in the case of a river or valley, it is not possible to set up the level midway between two points on opposite banks. In such cases, the method of reciprocal leveling is adopted, which involves reciprocal observations from both banks of Tie River or valley. In reciprocal leveling, the level is set up on both banks of the river or valley and two sets of staff readings are taken by holding the staff on both banks. In this case, it is found that the errors are completely eliminated and the true difference of level is equal to the mean of the two apparent differences of level. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join civil surveyor course in islamabad.

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