LEVELING AND COUNTRING (Object and use of leveling)
The aim of leveling is to determine the relative heights of different object on or below the surface of the earth and to determine the...
Sources of error in compass
The following are the kinds of error which may occur while taking readings with a compass; INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS; the needle may not be...
By considering the central meridian
A suitable point O is selected at the center of the drawing sheet. A line representing the magnetic meridian is drawn be, CD and DA ,are...
Plotting of compass traverse
The following area the various methods of plotting compass traverse. The starting point A is suitably selected on the paper and a line...
Measurements of bearings of traverse legs
The travers stations may be selected clockwise or anticlockwise order. But the direction of the traverse should be indicated ill the...
Levling
Leveling is dione with the help of the ball-and-socket arrangement provided on the top of the tripod stand. This arangment is loosened...
The surveyors compass
The surveys compass is the similar to the prismatic compass expect for the following points. There is no prism in it. Readings are taken...
Magnetic needle and graduated ring
The magnetic needle is made of a broad, magnetized iron bar. the bar is pointed at both ends. The magnetic is needle is itched to a...
Check on open traverse
In open traverse the measurements cannot be checked directly. But some held measurements can be taken to check the accuracy of the work....
Traversing
Surveying which involves a series of connected lines is known as ‘traversing’. The sides of the traverse are known as ‘traverse legs’. In...
