Arbitrary Bench-marks

When the RLs of some fixed points are assumed, they are termed arbitrary bench-marks. These are adopted in small survey operations when only the undulation of the ground surface is required to be determined. When the bench-marks are established temporarily at the end of a day’s work, they are said to be temporary bench- marks. Technical Data used in the field explained in civil surveyor course in rawalpindi. They are generally made on the root of a tree, the parapet of a nearby culvert, a furlong post, or on a similar place.

This is the first staff reading taken in any set up of the instruments after the leveling has been perfectly done. This reading is always taken on a point of known Rl, i.e on a bench- mark or change point. It is the last staff reading in any set up of the instrument, and indicates the shifting of the latter. Some more details of civil surveyor course in rawalpindi are as under. It is any other staff reading between the BS and FS is the same set up of the instruments

This point indicates the shifting of the instrument. At this point , an FS is taken from one setting and a BS from the next setting. When the leveling instrument is properly leveled, the RL of the line of collimation is known as the height of the instrument. This is obtained by adding the BS reading to the RL of the BM or CP on which the staff reading was taken. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join civil surveyor course in islamabad.

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